Using analytical instruments such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), the major and trace components (gold, silver, rare metals, rare earth elements, etc.) and the concentration of isotopic composition are measured. In addition, qualitative analysis and surface analysis (element distribution concentration) of elements on the sample surface by electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and radiometric dating (K-Ar method, U-Pb method, Rb-Sr method, etc.) are conducted.

Hydrothermal mineralization sample

Cu-Pb ore

X-rays are irradiated to samples which are finely pulverized, and the minerals contained in samples are identified from the measured X-ray diffraction chart. This is effective as a means to identify clay minerals contained in altered rocks in the exploration of mineral resources and geothermal resources.

X-ray diffraction chart of altered clay in geothermal field

Relative age and sedimentary environment can be estimated by identifying types of foraminifera, radiolarians and diatoms contained in rocks and ocean floor sediments.

Table of relative age of foraminifera and nannofossil

By examining the trapped fluid present when rocks and ores were formed, it is possible to know the temperature, pressure, fluid concentration, etc. when the fluid was taken in minerals.